SEC Schedules Open Meeting to Consider Dodd-Frank Rules Relating to Compensation Committees and their Consultants and Advisors

On March 30, the Securities and Exchange Commission will hold an open meeting to discuss, among other matters, whether to adopt rules to implement Section 952 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Section 952 requires the SEC to direct the national securities exchanges and national securities associations to prohibit the listing of equity securities of issuers (with certain exceptions) whose compensation committees do not comply with the independence and other requirements set forth in Section 952 of the Dodd-Frank Act. These requirements include that each compensation committee member be an "independent" (as defined by the SEC) director and that such committees have authority to engage, and be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of, independent compensation consultants, legal counsel, or other advisors to a compensation committee. Section 952 lists various "independence" factors for the SEC to consider. Section 952 also requires that issuers provide appropriate funding for purposes of retaining such compensation consultants and advisors. Finally, Section 952 of the Dodd-Frank Act directs the SEC to provide appropriate procedures for an issuer to have reasonable opportunity to cure any defects with respect to the requirements outlined above, and provides that Section 952 does not apply to a "controlled company."

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FINRA Amends Sanction Guidelines

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority has revised two sections of its Sanction Guidelines in response to recent FINRA disciplinary cases. In particular, the amendments:

  1. specify a causation standard for restitution orders;
  2. allow FINRA adjudicators to order damages be paid to those actually injured;
  3. indicate that certain factors in determining sanctions may be more relevant than others in a given disciplinary matter; and
  4. instruct FINRA adjudicators to consider other regulators' imposed sanctions in FINRA disciplinary matters.
     
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Implementation Schedule for Dodd-Frank Swap Rules

With the July 16 general effective date of Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act fast approaching, Commissioner Gary Gensler of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission outlined his thinking on the finalization and implementation of swap rules in a speech given to the Futures Industry Association on March 16.

With respect to finalization, Commissioner Gensler affirmed his desire to have all rule proposals (as opposed to final rules) completed by the end of April, with rules being finalized in the three broad groupings: the Early Group, the Middle Group and the Late Group.

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CFTC Publishes a Proposed Interpretive Order on Disruptive Trading Practices under Dodd-Frank

Co-authored by Kevin M. Foley and Vanessa L. Colman

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act added a new Section 4c(a)(5) to the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) regarding disruptive trading practices, which prohibits any trading, practice or conduct on or subject to the rules of a "registered entity" that (a) violates bids or offers; (b) demonstrates intentional or reckless disregard for the orderly execution of transactions during the closing period; or (c) is, is of the character of, or is commonly known to the trade as, "spoofing" (bidding or offering with the intent to cancel the bid or offer before execution).

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SEC Provides Temporary Relief for Investment Companies Regarding Custody of Collateral to Support Cleared Interest Rate Swaps

In a no-action letter issued on March 16, the Securities and Exchange Commission's Division of Investment Management extended temporary no-action relief under Section 17(f) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 to any registered investment company (Fund) if the Fund or its custodian places and maintains assets in the custody of LCH.Clearnet Limited (LCH), a U.K. derivatives clearing organization, or an LCH clearing member that is a futures commission merchant registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission for purposes of meeting LCH's or a clearing member's margin requirements for certain cleared interest rate swap contracts. The SEC relied, among other things, upon the following representations in deciding to flexibly apply the 1940 Act's custody requirements: (1) LCH and clearing members will address each of the requirements of Rule 17f-6 under the 1940 Act; (2) each clearing member will hold Fund assets as part of the over-the-counter derivatives account class; and (3) each clearing member will be required to segregate customer funds and securities from the clearing member's own assets. The SEC's temporary no-action position will expire on July 16, upon the conclusion of a one-year transition period following the effective date of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

Click here to read the SEC's no-action letter.

Supreme Court Rejects Statistical Significance as Bright-Line Rule for Materiality

Co-authored by Jonathan Rotenberg

The U.S. Supreme Court found that allegations of "statistical significance" were not a requirement for pleading materiality in a securities fraud action arising from a pharmaceutical company's alleged failure to disclose reports linking its cold remedy with loss of smell.

Plaintiff-shareholders alleged in the complaint that statements made by defendant Matrixx relating to revenues and product safety were misleading in light of reports that Matrixx had received, but did not disclose, concerning consumers who had lost their sense of smell after using Matrixx's Zicam cold remedy. Matrixx moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing, among other things, that plaintiff had failed to plead the elements of a material misstatement.

The district court granted defendants' motion to dismiss, finding that plaintiff had not alleged a statistically significant correlation between the use of Zicam and smell loss so as to make failure to publicly disclose the reports a material omission. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed, holding that a materiality determination requires "delicate assessments" of what a "reasonable shareholder" would infer from a given set of facts, and found that the district court had erred by requiring that the plaintiff specifically allege the statistical significance of the reports to establish materiality.

The Supreme Court affirmed. It reasoned that Matrixx's argument relied upon the flawed premise that statistical significance is the only reliable indication of causation. The Court found that medical professionals and researchers do not limit the data they rely on only to statistically significant evidence, and courts frequently permit expert testimony on causation based upon evidence other than statistical significance. On this basis, the Court concluded that in certain cases reasonable investors could view non-statistically significant data as material, and thus no such allegation should be required to plead materiality. (Matrixx Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano, 2011 WL 977060 (U.S. March 22, 2011))

District Court Dismisses Complaint for Failure to Adequately Plead Scienter

Co-authored by Jonathan Rotenberg

Plaintiff asserted a securities class action complaint against Nextwave Wireless Inc., as well as certain of its officers and directors. The complaint alleged that defendants made 17 statements that were false and misleading to investors over an extended period of time, and that as a result defendants were liable under Rule 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act.

The court had dismissed plaintiff's prior complaint and directed plaintiff to file an amended pleading. Defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint, arguing that the complaint failed to provide a plain and concise statement of plaintiff's claims as required by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and because the complaint failed to adequately plead scienter under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

In granting the motion, the district court criticized plaintiff for including in the complaint large excerpts of defendants' public statements with no indication of what particular statements within those excerpts plaintiff considered false and misleading. The court also found that plaintiff failed to allege how the statements of various confidential witnesses on which plaintiff relied amounted to scienter. The court allowed plaintiff one additional opportunity to amend the complaint, but cautioned that "if the complaint is again a chore to piece together, it will be dismissed with prejudice." (Lifschitz v. Nextwave Wireless Inc., et al., 2011 WL 940918 (S.D. Cal. March 16, 2011))

Address Change for FDIC's Consumer Response Center

Today the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) announced a change in address for its Consumer Response Center (CRC) within the Division of Depositor and Consumer Protection. This address change requires all FDIC-supervised financial institutions to update certain consumer notices, as described below, as soon as practicable.
 

  • Effective March 28, the CRC will have a new mailing address, as follows:

FDIC
Consumer Response Center
1100 Walnut St., Box #11
Kansas City, MO 64106

  • To ensure the CRC receives consumer complaints promptly, FDIC-supervised institutions should update their Adverse Action Notice forms and Fair Housing posters to reflect the CRC's new mailing address as soon as practicable.
  • Updated Fair Housing posters may be obtained at no cost from the FDIC's Public Information Center, 3501 Fairfax Drive, E-1014, Arlington, VA 22226 (877-275-3342 or 703-562-2200) or through FDICconnect.
  • This change does not affect Community Reinvestment Act notices.
  • This change is applicable only to FDIC-supervised institutions. Federally chartered banks, credit unions, and other institutions supervised by another federal bank regulatory agency are not affected by this change of address.

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FDIC to Hold Open Meeting on March 29

The discussion agenda for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's (FDIC's) open meeting includes:

  • Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to Implement Section 941 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Credit Risk Retention)
  • Resolution Plan and Credit Exposure Reports—Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

The meeting will be held in the board room on the sixth floor of the FDIC building located at 550 17th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. This board meeting will be webcast live via the Internet and subsequently made available on demand approximately one week after the event.

Click here for more information and here to view the event.

FDIC Staff Teleconference on Overdraft Payment Program Supervisory Guidance on March 29

Staff from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's (FDIC's) Division of Depositor and Consumer Protection will host a teleconference on March 29 to discuss the 2010 Overdraft Payment Program Supervisory Guidance issued in November 2010 (FIL-81-2010). The purpose of the call is to assist FDIC-supervised institutions as they implement efforts to mitigate risk in response to the expectations and recommendations identified in the guidance. In addition to providing an overview of the guidance, staff will address examination and implementation issues based on discussions with, and questions received from, FDIC-supervised institutions.

  • To allow sufficient time for institutions to review, consider and respond to the expectations in the final guidance, the FDIC stated that it expects any additional efforts to mitigate risk to be in place by July 1.
  • The teleconference will be held on Tuesday, March 29, from 3:00 to 4:30 p.m. EDT. 
  • Advance registration is required. Registration information, presentation materials and call-in information will be made available here.

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FinCEN Updates Regulatory Forms and Citations

As part of the transfer of the Bank Secrecy Act regulations from 31 CFR Part 103 to 31 CFR Chapter X, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) has updated the regulatory citations found in its forms to 31 CFR Chapter X. There have been no substantive regulatory changes to the forms or the data elements requested through them as a result of this update of the regulatory citations. The updated forms are available for use here. Please note that FinCEN will continue to accept and process older forms that contain citations to 31 CFR Part 103.

Click here to read more.
Click here for a list of updates to each form.

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UK Government Announces 2011 Budget, Tax Changes

On March 23, the UK Government announced its budget and tax proposals for the UK tax year April 2011–April 2012. Significant changes include:

  • Corporation Tax—Corporation Tax, payable by UK tax resident companies and the UK branches of non-UK resident companies, is to be reduced to 26% from April 2011, and it will then drop by 1% each year to 23% from April 2014.
  • Double Tax Treaties—New measures have been announced to combat the use of the UK's double tax treaties to avoid UK tax. These will target both UK residents (individuals, trustees and companies) who use tax avoidance schemes and overseas residents who claim benefits to which they should not be entitled under the UK double tax treaties. The Government will circulate draft legislation for comment in the fall with a view to passing legislation in 2012.
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Amendments to Dodd-Frank Act Introduced in House

Co-authored by Kari E. Hoelting

On March 16, members of the Capital Markets Subcommittee of the House Financial Services Committee introduced several bills designed to amend or supplement the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, including those described below:

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FINRA Proposes Registration, Qualification and Continuing Education Requirements for Certain Member Firm Operations Personnel

Co-authored by Natalya S. Zelensky

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority is seeking comments on a proposal to require registration of certain individuals of a member firm who perform and oversee member operations functions. Accordingly, FINRA is proposing to adopt a new representative registration category and qualification examination for "Operations Professionals," which generally would include those persons who are engaged in, responsible for or supervising certain member operations functions specified in the proposed rule, such as activities relating to client account data, maintenance of funds, account management and stock loan and securities lending. Any person required to register as an Operations Professional (subject to certain exceptions) would be required to pass a new Operations Professional qualification examination, a principles-based exam with a regulatory focus to test, among other things, the person's understanding of his professional responsibilities, before such registration may become effective.

In addition to the licensing and exam requirements, FINRA also is proposing to expand its continuing education requirements to require that Operations Professionals be subject to FINRA's Regulatory Element and Firm Element training as set forth in proposed FINRA Rule 1250. Persons subject to the new Operations Professional registration category would be considered associated persons of a member firm irrespective of their employing entity, and would be subject to all FINRA rules applicable to associated persons and/or registered persons. Comments are due to FINRA 21 days after publication in the Federal Register.

Click here to read Securities and Exchange Commission Release No. 34-64080.

FINRA Reminds Firms of Electronic Reporting Obligations for Specified Events and Quarterly Customer Complaints

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority has issued a Regulatory Notice reminding member firms of their electronic reporting obligations regarding specified events and quarterly customer complaint information required under current NASD Rule 3070 and Incorporated New York Stock Exchange Rule 351, and new FINRA Rule 4530, which becomes effective July 1. In the Regulatory Notice, FINRA reminds member firms that for matters that become subject to reporting prior to July 1, NASD Rule 3070 and Incorporated NYSE Rule 351 will remain in effect. For matters that become subject to reporting on or after July 1, under new FINRA Rule 4530, member firms must continue to report specified events and quarterly statistical and summary information on written customer complaints electronically via the Regulatory Filings Application on the FINRA Firm Gateway.

Click here to read FINRA Regulatory Notice 11-10.

SEC Retains Existing Rules on Beneficial Ownership and Derivatives

Section 766 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act specifies that the Securities and Exchange Commission must set rules to determine the extent to which a security-based swap will be deemed to involve the acquisition of beneficial ownership of underlying equity securities for the purposes of Sections 13 and 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The SEC has decided that existing Rules 13d-3 and 16a-1 already provide sufficient guidance on this topic so it is merely proposing to "re-adopt" those rules without change in order to meet the requirement of Section 766. The SEC accordingly issued on March 17 a notice of proposed rule that contains a lengthy discussion of the current rules and states that "the purpose of the proposed rulemaking is solely to preserve the regulatory status quo." Comments are due on April 15.

The notice of the proposed rule can be found here.

CME Amends Rule to Require Books and Records to Be Produced in Electronic Format

Co-authored by Kevin M. Foley and Joshua A. Penner

The Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the Chicago Board of Trade, the New York Mercantile Exchange, and the Commodity Exchange have together released a special executive report (SER) announcing the amendment of Rule 432 (General Offenses), section L.3, for each of the exchanges. The amendment will require that books or records requested from a market participant by exchange staff be provided in the format and medium specified in the request.

Under the amendment, all books and records provided to the Market Regulation Department must by default be provided in electronic format, unless the request specifies another format. Generally, it is anticipated that documents will be requested in PDF format and audio recordings will be requested to be on a compact disc or via email in an MP3 or WAV file, though exchange staff may still request original source documents (e.g., handwritten order tickets). Each document request will specify the medium and format in which the produced information should be contained.

If a market participant is unable to comply with the exchange-requested format or medium, the participant may petition the exchange to accept an alternate format or medium. Such a petition should (1) be made at least two business days before the request due date, (2) be in writing (including via email), (3) provide the basis for the request, and (4) provide a proposed production date. All requests will be subject to approval by the Market Regulation Department.

The amendment to Rule 432 will become effective on March 28.

The SER regarding the amendments to Rule 432 can be found here.

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CFTC Issues Advisory Notice Regarding Updates to Special Account Information on Form 102

Co-authored by Kevin M. Foley and Joshua A. Penner

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission's Division of Market Oversight has issued an advisory notice to remind futures commission merchants (FCMs), clearing members and foreign brokers of their obligation to maintain up-to-date information regarding special account information on Form 102 submitted to the CFTC. Failure to properly and timely update information contained in a Form 102 constitutes an actionable violation under the Commodity Exchange Act and CFTC Regulations.

CFTC Regulation 17.01 generally requires FCMs, clearing members and foreign brokers to report all special accounts carried on the books of the FCM, clearing member or foreign broker on Form 102 upon the establishment of the account. CFTC Regulation 17.01(g) requires that each Form 102 be updated any time there is a change in any information contained therein, including any changes to the name, address, business telephone number, registration status, legal organization or principal business of the account holder, or the account number or account name.

The advisory notice can be found here.
 

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Second Circuit Affirms Option Backdating Conviction

Co-authored by Jessica M. Garrett

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit recently affirmed the conviction of James Treacy, the former Chief Operating Officer and President of Monster Worldwide, Inc., in connection with a conspiracy to backdate stock options. In September 2009, Mr. Treacy was sentenced to 24 months' imprisonment and ordered to pay restitution and forfeiture of over $6 million. Mr. Treacy appealed his sentence arguing, among other things, that (1) the district court abused its discretion in conducting voir dire when it declined to question prospective jurors about their views on corporate America generally, and (2) the district court committed clear error in calculating the forfeiture amount.

Mr. Treacy proposed that the district court ask potential jurors 77 questions, a number of which pertained specifically to the jurors' experiences with, and views of, corporate America. The district court refused to give the jury a written questionnaire or to inquire directly about bias toward corporate executives, instead orally asking each juror about his or her knowledge of stock options generally and experience therewith. On appeal, Mr. Treacy argued that the district court's failure to inquire broadly about juror biases against corporate America, in light of the general animosity in the spring of 2009 towards corporate executives, constituted reversible error. The court was unpersuaded by this argument, noting that a district court may find that warning a jury against an improper bias, which was given by the district court here, may be more effective in some cases than inquiring specifically about that bias.

Mr. Treacy also argued that the district court's forfeiture award was improperly inflated because it was based on the wrong measurement dates for the issuance of the stock options. The Second Circuit rejected Mr. Treacy's argument that the option grant should have been calculated from the date Monster's chief executive made a commitment to grant him the options. The court pointed out that the chief executive, who was a participant in the backdating scheme, did not have the authority to grant the options without the approval of the board's compensation committee. As a result, the date of the chief executive's decision to grant the options was irrelevant, and the court affirmed the district court's decision to use the dates when the options were granted in accordance with Monster's procedures. The court did, however, accept Mr. Treacy's argument that the district court incorrectly decided to assign the same measurement date to all options granted as of a certain date even though the evidence established that the options were granted in rounds. (U.S. v. Treacy, 2011 WL 799781 (2d Cir. March 9, 2011))

Improper Accounting Adjustments Held Insufficient Basis for Securities Fraud Claims

Co-authored by Jessica M. Garrett

A federal district court in California recently dismissed class action securities fraud claims arising out of several improper accounting adjustments made by VeriFone Holdings, Inc. On September 15, 2010, purchasers of VeriFone common stock filed their Third Amended Complaint in a consolidated securities fraud class action against the corporation and certain of its officers and directors. Plaintiffs alleged that defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5 by engaging in a scheme to defraud, making false statements, omitting material facts and performing deceptive acts which led to the gross overstatement of operating income and, ultimately, the restatement of VeriFone's financials. Defendants moved to dismiss, arguing, among other things, that that plaintiffs did not adequately allege scienter as to each individual or the corporation.

The restatement was necessitated by a series of accounting errors made by Paul Periolat, VeriFone's supply chain controller. In particular, after receiving internal preliminary financial results that were below the company's forecasts, VeriFone's chief executives demanded that management figure out what had happened. In response, Mr. Periolat determined, incorrectly, that the company was not accounting for its inventory properly and made several manual adjustments to the financial results that inflated VeriFone's earnings. Mr. Periolat acted without having the adjustments scrutinized or approved by more senior VeriFone management. Thus, Mr. Periolat manually adjusted the amount of inventory held by a foreign subsidiary, without speaking with the foreign subsidiary's controller and despite knowing that the subsidiary had proper procedures in place for accounting for inventory.

The district court held that Mr. Periolat's faulty accounting adjustments may have been grossly negligent, but did not support a strong inference that Mr. Periolat or VeriFone acted with scienter. Although the court determined that the allegations of scienter were "cogent," it held that other, non-fraudulent inferences were more compelling. In particular, because the adjustments Mr. Periolat made were not concealed in any way and Mr. Periolat's previous projections were accurate, the court determined that the most likely explanation for Mr. Periolat's actions was that he believed his adjustments were correct. (In re VeriFone Holdings, Inc. Securities Litigation, 2011 WL 843959 (N.D.Cal. March 8, 2011))

FDIC Board Approves Proposed Rule to Set Claims Process; Puts Burden of Proof on Officers and Directors to Exonerate Themselves

The Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) on March 15 approved a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPR) to further clarify application of the Orderly Liquidation Authority (OLA) contained in Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. (The NPR issued an interim rule on the same subject on January 18, which "clarified certain discrete issues under the OLA." The earlier interim rule addressed discrete topics including the payment of similarly situated creditors, the honoring of personal services contracts, the recognition of contingent claims, the treatment of any remaining shareholder value in the case of a covered financial company that is a subsidiary of an insurance company, and limitations on liens that the FDIC may take on the assets of a covered financial company that is an insurance company or covered subsidiary.)

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SEC Division of Corporation Finance Issues Nine New C&DIs

Co-authored by David S. Kravitz

On March 4, the Securities and Exchange Commission's Division of Corporation Finance issued Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations (C&DIs) with respect to several topics under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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CPSS and IOSCO Publish Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures

Co-authored by Vanessa L. Colman

The Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS) and the Technical Committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) have released for public comment a report proposing a set of 24 new "principles" intended to ensure the global stability of "financial markets infrastructures" that facilitate the recording, clearing and settlement of financial transactions (including all systemically important payment systems, central securities depositories, securities settlement systems, central counterparties and trade repositories) in the event of market stress and financial crises. CPSS-IOSCO's goal in issuing the report is to bring consistency to the oversight and regulation of financial market infrastructures. The principles are designed to harmonize and strengthen current risk management standards, in particular: (1) the financial resources and risk management procedures a financial markets intermediary uses to cope with the default of participants; (2) the mitigation of operational risk; and (3) the links and other interdependencies between financial markets intermediaries through which operational and financial risks can spread. The report also introduces new principles with respect to segregation and portability, tiered participation and general business risk. The CPSS-IOSCO cover letter requests comment on a number of issues with respect to the proposed principles.

Comments on the new principles are due by July 29.

The report is available here.
The cover letter is available here.

IOSCO Publishes Report on OTC Derivatives

The Technical Committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions published a report on February 18 entitled "Report on Trading of OTC Derivatives." The press release concerning the Report summarizes its substance in the following terms:

The Report concludes that it is appropriate to trade standardized derivatives contracts with a suitable degree of liquidity on organized platforms, and that a flexible approach to defining what constitutes an organized platform for derivatives trading would maximize the number of standardized derivative products that can be appropriately traded on these venues. It identifies characteristics that an organized platform should exhibit in order to fulfill the G-20 Leaders' objectives, as well as the benefits and costs associated with transitioning trading of derivatives from OTC venues onto organized platforms. It also presents a range of actions that regulators may choose to take to increase organized platform trading of OTC derivatives products.

The Report makes some interesting points about the relatively limited liquidity of even the most liquid standardized derivatives. It also provides some helpful terminology for discussing trading platforms by dividing them into the following defined categories: Order Book Systems, Market Maker Systems, Periodic Auction Systems, Bulletin Board Systems and Hybrid Systems.

The report can be accessed here.

Delaware Chancery Court Rejects Unsupported Fraudulent Inducement Defense

The Delaware Chancery Court rejected a defendant's fraud in the inducement defense where, at the summary judgment stage, the defendant (a) failed to come forward with specific facts showing that the counterparty knowingly made false statements and (b) did not make a proper showing under Rule 56 as to why additional discovery was warranted.

Plaintiff Corkscrew Mining Ventures, Ltd. sued defendant, Preferred Real Estate Investments, Inc. (PREI), seeking specific performance of an agreement obligating PREI to purchase Corkscrew's remaining 12% interest in a mining quarry business. PREI argued that it was fraudulently induced to enter into that contract because Corkscrew misrepresented facts concerning potential environmental liabilities at the quarry in an earlier but related agreement in which PREI purchased 88% of Corkscrew's interest.

In support of its summary judgment argument, PREI submitted an affidavit from its Vice President asserting that Corkscrew in fact made misrepresentations regarding potential environmental issues at the quarry. The Chancery Court rejected the affidavit as too conclusory because it failed to identify any hazardous substances found at the quarry or any other specific facts that would show a misrepresentation by Corkscrew.

The Chancery Court also declined to allow additional discovery on the ground that the case had been pending for more than a year, and because PREI had not made a proper showing as to why additional discovery should be permitted under Rule 56.

Because PREI had not supported its fraud in the inducement defense, and the agreement was otherwise valid and enforceable, the Chancery Court awarded summary judgment to Corkscrew and ordered specific performance of the contract. (Corkscrew Mining Ventures, Ltd. v. Preferred Real Estate Investments, Inc., C.A. No. 4601-VCP (Del. Ch. Feb. 28, 2011))

False Confidential Witness Information Warrants Reconsideration and Dismissal in Securities Class Action

The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois granted a motion for reconsideration pursuant to Rule 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on the ground that the court's previous order denying a dismissal motion relied on false information concerning a confidential witness's position and personal knowledge.

Stockholder plaintiffs asserting Securities Exchange Act claims alleged that The Boeing Company made misrepresentations about the testing and delivery schedule for the 787 Dreamliner commercial aircraft. Plaintiffs' complaint relied on allegations by a confidential witness who was alleged to be a Boeing employee with personal knowledge that adverse test results were circulated to senior Boeing executives.

After the dismissal motion was denied, defense counsel learned through an interview that the confidential witness was not a Boeing employee, had no personal knowledge of test results, had never met plaintiffs' counsel prior to being deposed, and was never shown the allegations attributed to him in the complaint.

The court concluded that, under Rule 54(b), it may consider evidence of manifest factual errors for the limited purpose of determining whether orders were procured by fraud, carelessness by counsel, or by the court's own misconception of the facts. The court granted the motion to reconsider and dismiss the complaint because the inaccurate information provided by the confidential witness could have been uncovered through a reasonable investigation by plaintiffs' counsel. (City of Livonia Employees' Retirement System v. The Boeing Company, C.A. No. 09 C 7143 (N. D. Il. Mar. 7, 2011))

United States Implements Sanctions Against Libya

On February 25, President Obama signed an Executive Order freezing funds and assets of the Government of Libya, the Central Bank of Libya and Moammar Gadhafi and his sons. Financial institutions are particularly affected by these sanctions because they must adjust their normal compliance procedures to screen for transfers involving blocked assets. On March 4, however, the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control issued General License No. 1A, which authorizes all transactions involving banks that are owned or controlled by the government of Libya and organized under the laws of a country other than Libya, provided the transactions do not otherwise involve the government of Libya or any person whose property and interests in property are blocked.

A copy of the Executive Order is available here.
A copy of License No. 1A is available here.

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FSA and FRC Publish Feedback on the Role of Auditors

On March 10, the UK Financial Services Authority (FSA) and the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) published a joint feedback statement, Enhancing the auditor's contribution to prudential regulation FS11/1, summarizing the responses to their June 2010 joint discussion paper, DP10/3, similarly titled.

DP10/3 was intended to stimulate debate on the contribution that auditors make to prudential regulation. It examined several key areas: (a) promoting dialogue and information-sharing between auditors and supervisors; (b) the application of professional scepticism by auditors; (c) the nature and extent of disclosures about management's key judgements; (d) FSA and FRC powers; and (e) the scope of auditors' reporting.

Following the discussion paper and wider work in this area, a number of actions have already been taken to enhance the role of auditors including: (a) development of a draft code of practice by the FSA, alongside the Bank of England, designed to enhance the dialogue between auditors and supervisors (see the February 11 edition of Corporate and Financial Weekly Digest); (b) increased dialogue between the FSA and auditors, individually and collectively, to discuss key financial reporting issues; (c) increased and more effective use by the FSA of Section 166 skilled person reporting; and (d) formalization of cooperative arrangements between the FSA and the FRC's Audit Inspection Unit, in a memorandum of understanding.

In addition, on March 10 the FRC also published feedback on its parallel discussion paper: Auditor Scepticism: Raising the Bar. The FRC confirms in this paper that it will continue to monitor the extent to which professional scepticism is being applied by auditors. It also announced measures designed to ensure a consistent understanding of the nature and role of auditor scepticism and appropriate support for, and transparency of, its application.

Click here to read the FSA/FRC joint feedback statement FS11/1.
Click here to read the FRC's feedback paper.

EU ECON Committee Votes for CDS Naked Shorting Ban

On March 7, the European Parliament's economic and monetary affairs committee ECON approved a measure which could lead to an EU-wide ban on uncovered shorting of credit default swaps (CDS) on sovereign debt of EU member states. Under the measure as currently drafted, investors would be permitted to short a "naked" sovereign CDS if it held a proxy "asset or portfolio of assets" whose prices have a "high correlation" with government bond prices. The European Securities Markets Authority (ESMA) would also need the permission of the government in question in order to ban naked short selling of sovereign CDS linked to its debt.

The measure requires approval by the European Parliament in plenary session and also by the European Council of Ministers before it can become law. The regulation is expected to be in force by July 2012.

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SEC Approves FINRA Rules Governing Guarantees, Carrying Agreements, Security Counts and Supervision of General Ledger Accounts

Co-authored by Natalya S. Zelensky

The Securities and Exchange Commission has approved new Financial Industry Regulatory Authority rules governing guarantees, carrying agreements, security counts and supervision of general ledger accounts for the consolidated FINRA Rulebook on an accelerated basis. According to SEC Release No. 34-63999, the proposed rules are intended to, in combination with other consolidated financial responsibility rules approved by the SEC, enhance FINRA's authority to effectively execute its financial and operational surveillance and examination programs. Consistent with the approach that FINRA has discussed in previous releases and notices, many of the requirements set forth in the proposed rules are substantially the same as requirements found in current rules and, where appropriate, are intended to apply only to carrying or clearing firms, or to firms that engage in certain specified activities. FINRA will announce the implementation date of the proposed rule changes in a regulatory notice to be published no later than 90 days following SEC approval.

Click here to read SEC Release No. 34-63999.

CFTC Publishes Twelfth Series of Dodd-Frank Rules

Co-authored by Kevin M. Foley and Joshua A. Penner

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission has published its twelfth series of proposed rules under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act as well as a proposed interpretive order to give effect to the Dodd-Frank Act provisions relating to "disruptive" trading practices. The proposals relate to technical amendments to regulations governing commodity pool operator (CPO) and commodity trading advisor (CTA) registration; requirements for processing, clearing and transferring customer positions; and the intermediary registration requirements as they relate to swap dealers, major swap participants (MSPs) and swap execution facilities (SEFs).

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SEC Proposes Rules on Disclosure of Incentive-Based Compensation Arrangements

As required by Section 956 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission has announced that it is proposing a rule applicable to broker-dealers and investment advisers with $1 billion or more in assets that would (1) require them to file annual reports with the SEC related to incentive-based compensation; (2) prohibit incentive-based compensation arrangements that encourage inappropriate risk-taking by providing excessive compensation or that could lead to material financial loss to the firm; (3) provide additional requirements for firms with $50 billion or more in assets, including deferral of incentive-based compensation of executive officers and approval of compensation for people whose job functions give them the ability to expose the firm to a substantial amount of risk; and (4) require them to develop policies and procedures that ensure and monitor compliance with requirements related to incentive-based compensation.

When announcing the proposed rule, SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro stated that she is particularly interested in commenters' views on (1) how assets would be calculated for purposes of determining whether institutions fall within either component of the proposed rule; (2) how the proposed rule might affect the broad array of financial firms covered by Section 956, including broker-dealers and advisers—most particularly private fund advisers, given how they often structure their compensation; and (3) the proposal's potential impact on broker-dealer and investment adviser business models and the variety of services they provide to investors.

Public comments on the rule proposal should be received within 45 days after it is published in the Federal Register. The full text of the proposed rule is not yet available.

For a copy of the SEC's press release, see here.
For a copy of SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro's remarks, see here.

Dissatisfied Employees Unable to Recover Penalties from Investors under New York Law

Co-authored by Gregory C. Johnson

A New York statute that requires a corporation's largest investors to guarantee employee wage payments does not require such investors to satisfy penalties owed workers under Indiana law.

Employees of Waste Reduction, Inc. sued the bankrupt company for overdue wages and penalties, as permitted under Indiana law, but were unable to recover their award for penalties because of the former firm's limited assets. Waste Reduction was incorporated in New York, however, which requires the 10 largest shareholders of a corporation to guarantee employee wages and benefits. The employees sued Waste Reduction's largest investors, arguing that New York law requires these investors to satisfy the penalties owed workers under Indiana law. The district court dismissed and appeal followed.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, in a matter of first impression, affirmed the district court's decision. Plaintiffs' claims improperly combined separate statutory directives, as New York law requires investors to satisfy corporate debts for services performed, while Indiana law imposes penalties for belated payments but does not demand that investors guarantee corporate debts. (Whitely v. Moravec, 2011 WL 523346 (7th Cir. 2011))

Argentine Instrumentality Not the Government's Alter Ego

Co-authored by Gregory C. Johnson

An instrumentality of the Republic of Argentina could not be deemed the government's alter ego based on its role in implementing Argentina's energy policies and thus was not liable for the country's bond debts.

Argentina defaulted on $1.5 billion in bond payments but has few assets in the United States, which has forced creditors to look elsewhere for repayment. Creditor NML Capital, Ltd. sued Energia Argentina S.A. (ENARSA), an instrumentality of the Argentine government that plays a substantial role in enacting Argentina's energy policies but that has independent corporate status under Argentine law. NML argued that ENARSA is an alter ego of the government because the national government owns 96% of ENARSA shares, controls ENARSA regulations via government regulations, and provides ENARSA with substantial financial support through subsidies and other benefits.

The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissed NML's claim, holding that Argentina's use of ENARSA to achieve its policy goals did not constitute the type of close management that constitutes an alter ego relationship and that Argentina's control of ENARSA was not deceitful. The court permitted NML to re-plead if it could show that the Argentine government directed ENARSA's daily operations. (NML Capital, Ltd. v. The Republic of Argentina, 2011 WL 524433 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 15, 2011))

Federal Reserve Issues Proposed Rule on Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks

The Federal Reserve Board on March 3 requested public comment on proposed amendments to Regulation CC (Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks) to encourage banks to clear and return checks electronically, add provisions that govern electronic items cleared through the check-collection system, and shorten the "exception" hold periods on deposited funds. To encourage electronic collection and return of checks between banks, the proposal provides that a depositary bank would be entitled to the expeditious return of a check only if it agrees to receive returned checks electronically. In addition, the proposal would permit the bank responsible for paying a check to require that checks presented to it for same-day settlement be presented electronically. More generally, the proposal would apply Regulation CC's collection and return provisions, including warranties, to electronic check images that meet certain requirements.

Additionally, due to the faster collection and return timeframes that result from electronic collection and return, the proposal would shorten the safe-harbor period for an exception hold to four business days, which should enable the depositary bank to learn of the return of virtually all unpaid checks before being required to make these deposits available for withdrawal. The proposal also eliminates the references in Regulation CC to "nonlocal" checks. The distinction between local and nonlocal checks is tied to Federal Reserve Bank check processing regions. (As of February 2010, the Reserve Banks ceased operations in all but one of their check processing offices, such that there is now only one check processing region, and all checks are local to each other. Local checks are generally subject to a two-business-day hold period.)

Appendix C to the regulation sets forth model funds-availability forms that banks may use as the basis of their disclosures to customers. According to the Federal Reserve, the proposal includes new model forms that were developed using consumer testing and that set forth funds-availability policies in a manner that is designed to be more easily understood by consumers.

Click here to read Regulation CC.
Click here to read more about the design and testing of Regulation CC, including Appendix C forms.

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FSA Announces DEPP Changes

On February 25, the UK Financial Services Authority (FSA) announced certain changes to its Decision Procedure and Penalties Guide and its Enforcement Guide and Policy.

With effect from March 6:

  • Firms will be prohibited from paying any financial penalty imposed by the FSA on a present or former employee, director or partner of the firm or any affiliate.
  • The FSA has changed its policy for publishing decision notices (as opposed to final notices). In certain circumstances decisions may now be published even though the defendant has referred the matter to the Upper Tribunal by way of appeal.
  • The FSA will apply its "settlement discount scheme" to suspension periods as well as to financial penalties.

Read more.

FSA Hedge Fund Surveys' Conclusions Published

On February 28, the UK Financial Services Authority (FSA) produced its latest biannual report, "Assessing Possible Sources of Systemic Risk from Hedge Funds." This report sets out the FSA's key findings from two hedge fund surveys conducted in September and October 2010—its hedge funds as counterparties survey (HFACS) and its Hedge Funds Survey (HFS). The FSA conducts these surveys every six months to assist it in understanding potential sources of systemic risk in the hedge fund sector. (See the February 26, 2010, and August 13, 2010, editions of Corporate and Financial Weekly Digest for reports on previous HFS and HFACS.)

The February 2011 report's findings include the following:

  • The "footprint" of surveyed hedge funds remains small within most markets and leverage is largely unchanged. Therefore, risks to financial stability through the hedge fund market channel seemed limited at the time of the latest surveys.
  • Counterparties have increased margin requirements and tightened other conditions on their exposures to hedge funds, increasing their resilience to hedge fund defaults.
  • Some risks to hedge funds remain, particularly if they are unable to manage a sudden withdrawal of liabilities during a crisis period.
  • Counterparty credit exposures to hedge funds remain concentrated among a small number of banks.

The FSA stated that it intends to repeat the HFS and HFACS in March 2011. It also intends to work closely with the International Organization of Securities Commissions and other national regulators on a global approach to systemic risk data requirements for hedge funds.

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EC Publishes Financial Services Legislative Agenda

On February 25, the European Commission published an updated agenda and timetable for financial services legislative proposals including the following:

  • Securities Law Directive, expected to be adopted in May 2011
  • Recast Market Abuse Directive (2003/6/EC) and its three implementing directives, expected to be adopted in June 2011
  • Review of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (2004/39/EC) (commonly known as MiFID II), expected to be adopted in June 2011
  • Amendments to the Capital Requirements Directive (2006/48/EC and 2006/49/EC) (CRD), expected to be adopted in June 2011 (The document also refers to a proposal to amend CRD as regards internal governance of credit institutions and investment firms in June 2011.)
  • Legislative initiative on a framework for crisis management and resolution in the banking sector, expected to be adopted in June 2011
  • A Regulation on central securities depositories, expected to be adopted in June 2011
  • A Regulation amending the EU Regulation on credit rating agencies (1060/2009/EC), expected to be adopted in September 2011
  • A legislative instrument on packaged retail investment products, expected to be adopted in the third quarter of 2011
  • A Directive on mortgage credit, expected to be adopted in March 2011
  • A Regulation on access to a basic payment account, expected to be adopted in May 2011

Read more.